Protocol No. 16 to the ECHR: the possibility of requesting advisory opinions from the ECtHR enters into force (though not yet for Italy)
Protocol No. 16 to the ECHR: the possibility of requesting advisory opinions from the ECtHR enters into force (though not yet for Italy)
1. On 12 April 2018, France deposited the tenth instrument of ratification of Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights (1), thereby triggering its entry into force which, pursuant to Article 8 thereof, would take effect “on the first day of the month following the expiration of a period of three months after the date on which ten High Contracting Parties to the Convention have expressed their consent to be bound by the Protocol”.
The Protocol thus entered into force on 1 August 2018 in the ten countries which, to date, have deposited their instruments of ratification, namely Albania, Armenia, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Lithuania, San Marino, Slovenia and Ukraine. Italy, on the other hand, has not yet ratified it, together with Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, the Republic of Moldova, the Slovak Republic, Romania and Türkiye.
2. As is well known, Protocol No. 16 to the ECHR — adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 July 2013 and opened for signature by the Member States of the Council of Europe on 2 October 2013 — introduced, for the Strasbourg Court, a mechanism analogous to the so-called preliminary reference procedure provided for within the system of the Court of Justice of the European Union, allowing the Supreme Courts of a State Party to the European Convention (it will later be clarified what is meant by “Supreme Courts” or, more precisely, “highest courts and tribunals”) to stay domestic proceedings and request advisory opinions from the Grand Chamber concerning questions of principle relating to the interpretation or application of a Convention provision and of the additional Protocols.
With regard to the differences between this mechanism and the preliminary reference procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Union, it has been observed that there are, in reality, substantial differences between the two systems, above all the fact that decisions rendered by the Luxembourg judges, unlike the merely advisory opinions that may be requested from the ECtHR, are binding both upon the national court that made the reference and upon all other courts of the Member States (2).
Requests submitted to the ECtHR must concern cases pending before domestic courts and, pursuant to Article 2, a panel of five judges shall decide whether to accept the request. In the event that the request is rejected, reasons must be given for such refusal; where the request is accepted, the opinion shall be delivered by the Grand Chamber but shall not, in any event, be binding.
In setting out the relevant factual and legal background, the judicial authority submitting the request must specify the following circumstances:
i) the subject matter of the domestic proceedings and the relevant findings of fact established in the course of the domestic proceedings, or at least an account of the relevant facts;
ii) the relevant domestic legal provisions;
iii) the relevant Convention issues, in particular the rights or freedoms invoked;
iv) where relevant, a summary of the observations submitted by the parties to the domestic proceedings concerned;
v) where possible and appropriate, an account of its own considerations on the question, including any assessment it may have carried out in relation to that issue.
As regards the origins of this mechanism, it has been observed that it stems from the widespread awareness of the difficult functioning of the ECtHR as a result of the multiplicity of applications lodged before it and, consequently, of the backlog that has accumulated in recent years (3).
As noted in the report prepared by the Research Office of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation, already the Group of Wise Persons appointed in 2005 by the Heads of State and Government of the Member States had proposed the idea of establishing a mechanism capable of allowing the national court to seek in advance from the supranational court the interpretation of Convention provisions, following the model of the preliminary reference procedure before the Court of Justice governed by Article 267 TFEU, while at the same time warning of the problematic aspects of such a solution (4). The Group of Wise Persons concluded that “it would be useful to introduce a system whereby domestic judicial authorities could request advisory opinions from the Court on legal questions relating to the interpretation of the Convention and its Protocols, in order to promote dialogue between judicial authorities and strengthen the ‘constitutional’ role of the Court. Requests for opinions, which would be submitted only by constitutional courts or courts of last instance, would always remain optional, and the opinions delivered by the Court would not be binding” (5).
Along the same lines, the Izmir Conference on the Future of the Court (26–27 April 2011), in its final declaration, stressed the desirability of “introducing a procedure allowing the highest national courts to request advisory opinions from the Court concerning the interpretation and application of the Convention”; the same approach was adopted at the Brighton Conference of 19–20 April 2012, whose final declaration stated that “the interaction between the Court and national authorities could be strengthened by introducing into the Convention a further power of the Court, which States Parties could nevertheless accept on an optional basis, namely the power to issue, upon specific request, advisory opinions on the interpretation of the Convention in the context of a specific case at national level” (6).
Against this background, only a few months ago news emerged of the first application of the Protocol No. 16 procedure by the French Court of Cassation, which stayed proceedings and requested the Strasbourg judges to clarify whether the refusal to register in the civil-status registers a birth certificate relating to a child born abroad through surrogacy, designating as mother the non-biological mother and as father the biological father, falls within the margin of appreciation of the national authorities (7).
The ECtHR itself announced the request, stating that the panel of five judges would examine the request submitted by the French Court of Cassation on 3 December 2018 (8): “this is the first request received by the Court since the entry into force of Protocol No. 16”, the press release stated, recalling — as indeed expressly provided for by the Protocol — that, in any event, “the opinion delivered by the Grand Chamber shall not be binding”.
3. Turning now to the Italian situation, it should be noted that on 10 August 2018 Bill No. A.C. 1124 (9) was introduced, concerning the ratification and implementation of Protocol No. 16 amending the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Strasbourg on 2 October 2013.
The same bill also provides for the ratification of Protocol No. 15 to the ECHR (which will enter into force only after all the High Contracting Parties have ratified it) and addresses the principle of subsidiarity and the margin of appreciation of the High Contracting Parties, as well as other matters such as an age limit for judges at the time of appointment (65 years) and a reduction of the time limit for lodging applications before the Court (from six to four months from the date of the final domestic decision).
The bill — which was assigned to the Joint Committees No. 2 (Justice) and No. 3 (Foreign and European Affairs) on 21 September 2018 — consists of three articles.
Article 3, in particular, is structured as follows:
- The Supreme Court of Cassation, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Council of Administrative Justice for the Sicilian Region may submit requests for advisory opinions to the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights pursuant to Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Protocol referred to in Article 1, paragraph 1(b), of this law.
- In the cases referred to in paragraph 1, the court may order that the proceedings be stayed until receipt of the advisory opinion of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights.
- The Constitutional Court may adopt its own provisions concerning the application of the Protocol referred to in paragraph 1.
Paragraph 1 therefore identifies the “highest courts and tribunals” (as expressly stated in Article 1 of the Protocol) entitled to submit requests for advisory opinions to the ECtHR, namely the Supreme Court of Cassation, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Council of Administrative Justice for the Sicilian Region.
Without prejudice to what will shortly be said regarding the position of the Constitutional Court among the “highest courts and tribunals”, the choice made by the drafters of Protocol No. 16 to leave Member States broad discretion in identifying the court “a quo” has, on the one hand, been regarded as respectful of the principle of subsidiarity (which should reinforce, at least in appearance, the role of States “as primary defenders of human rights”); on the other hand, it prevents the ECtHR from relying upon a uniform concept of jurisdiction, thereby risking the conferral upon Contracting States of an excessively broad margin of discretion in determining which courts should, in practice, be authorised to request advisory opinions (10).
In any event, it should be noted that, pursuant to Article 10 of the Protocol, the designation of such authorities by the State may be modified at any time (11).
Paragraph 2 provides for the possibility for the court (“may order”) to stay the pending proceedings until receipt of the advisory opinion of the Grand Chamber.
In this respect — as clarified in the explanatory report accompanying the bill — the ratification law concerning Protocol No. 16 does not in fact amend the existing domestic legislation governing stays of proceedings, “but merely introduces a new form of optional stay of proceedings before the highest national courts (Article 3 of the bill) where such courts submit requests to the ECtHR for advisory opinions on questions of principle relating to the interpretation or application of the Convention and its Protocols”.
Also noteworthy is paragraph 3, which provides that the Constitutional Court (excluded, at least formally, from the category of “highest courts and tribunals” referred to in paragraph 1) may nevertheless adopt its own rules governing the application of Protocol No. 16, in accordance with Articles 14, paragraph 1, and 22, paragraph 2, of Law No. 87 of 11 March 1953.
That paragraph — which had in fact already been approved in the same wording, as an amendment to the first version of the bill, during the session of the Chamber of Deputies held on 26 September 2017 — performs the commendable function of not entirely excluding the Constitutional Court from the notion of “highest court”, leaving it free to assess whether it should become a court empowered to submit requests under Protocol No. 16.
With regard to the advisability of including the Constitutional Court among the “highest courts and tribunals”, legal scholars immediately expressed support for such an option, also in light of the delicate relationship between the Constitutional Court itself and the Strasbourg Court (12).
(1) For general analyses of Protocol No. 16, reference should be made to the numerous contributions in legal scholarship, including: E. Selvaggi, Il protocollo n. 16 alla convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali: anche alla Corte di Strasburgo potranno essere poste questioni pregiudiziali, in Cassazione Penale, 2014, p. 2311; E. Lamarque, La richiesta di pareri consultivi alla Corte di Strasburgo da parte delle più alte giurisdizioni nazionali, Milan, 2015; G. Centamore – B. Agostini, Protocollo XVI alla Convenzione europea dei diritti umani: osservazioni generali, in Diritto Penale Contemporaneo; D. Martire, Il Protocollo n. 16 alla Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali entra finalmente in vigore, in Diritti Comparati, 16 April 2018; R. Conti, La richiesta di “parere consultivo” alla Corte europea delle Alte Corti introdotto dal Protocollo n. 16 annesso alla CEDU e il rinvio pregiudiziale alla Corte di Giustizia UE. Prove d’orchestra per una nomofilachia europea, in Consulta Online; O. Pollicino, La Corte costituzionale è una “alta giurisdizione nazionale” ai fini della richiesta di parere alla Corte EDU ex Protocollo 16?, in Diritto dell’Unione Europea, 2014, No. 2; A. Ruggeri, Ragionando sui possibili sviluppi dei rapporti tra le corti europee e i giudici nazionali (con specifico riguardo all’adesione dell’Unione alla CEDU e all’entrata in vigore del Prot. 16), in Rivista AIC, 2014, No. 1; G. Asta, Il Protocollo XVI alla CEDU: chiave di volta del sistema europeo di tutela dei diritti umani?, available at www.sioi.org; as well as D. Vigoni, Entra in vigore (ma non per l’Italia) il Protocollo n. 16 alla CEDU che consente di richiedere alla Corte EDU un parere consultivo, in Processo Penale e Giustizia, 2018, No. 6. Reference should also be made to the dedicated webpage of the Council of Europe concerning the status of signatures and ratifications.
(2) F. Ruggieri, Il protocollo 16 alla Cedu in vigore dal 1° agosto 2018. La proposta per l’ordine europeo di conservazione o di produzione della prova digitale, in Cassazione Penale, 2018, Nos. 7–8, p. 2662.
(3) D. Martire, Il Protocollo n. 16 alla Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali entra finalmente in vigore, cit.
(4) Report prepared by the Research Office (Ufficio del Massimario) of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation, authored by L. Pistorelli.
(5) See the Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 16.
(6) More generally on the reasons underlying the introduction of Protocol No. 16, see R. Conti, La richiesta di “parere consultivo” alla Corte europea delle Alte Corti introdotto dal Protocollo n. 16 annesso alla CEDU e il rinvio pregiudiziale alla Corte di Giustizia UE. Prove d’orchestra per una nomofilachia europea, cit.; see also I. Anrò, Il Protocollo 16 in vigore dal 1° agosto 2018: una nuova ipotesi di forum shopping tra le corti?, in Eurojus, 24 April 2018.
(7) See, on this point, M. Pappone, In attesa dell’Italia, alcune riflessioni dopo l’entrata in funzione del Protocollo Addizionale n. 16 nell’ordinamento francese, in Diritti Comparati, 29 October 2018.
(8) See the press release published on the official website of the ECtHR.
(9) Reference should be made to the webpage of the Italian Chamber of Deputies concerning the Bill.
(10) O. Pollicino, La Corte costituzionale è una “alta giurisdizione nazionale” ai fini della richiesta di parere alla Corte EDU ex Protocollo 16?, cit.
(11) The same author also criticised that provision, observing that it “risks representing a dangerous ‘Sword of Damocles’ hanging over constitutional judges in States which have not yet completed the process of democratic consolidation. Judges who are fully aware that an excessive degree of activism might result in their exclusion, ‘while the game is still being played’, from the circle of national courts privileged to engage in dialogue with Strasbourg. In this context, ‘activism’ is clearly synonymous with a refusal by such judges passively to accept political decisions — often adopting a low threshold of protection — concerning the intensity of protection afforded to the fundamental rights at stake”.
(12) See again the observations made by O. Pollicino, La Corte costituzionale è una “alta giurisdizione nazionale” ai fini della richiesta di parere alla Corte EDU ex Protocollo 16?, cit.; see also I. Anrò, Il Protocollo 16 in vigore dal 1° agosto 2018: una nuova ipotesi di forum shopping tra le corti?, cit.
