The application of coercive measures in extradition proceedings in the presence of an unfavourable prognosis: the position of the Court of Cassation
The application of coercive measures in extradition proceedings in the presence of an unfavourable prognosis: the position of the Court of Cassation
1. The judicial matter
The case underlying the ruling that this note intends to annotate stems from the arrest of a Russian manager who was the subject of an international arrest warrant issued by the Russian Judicial Authority.
The charges against the arrested person – for which the Russian Federation subsequently submitted an extradition request – consisted in the alleged misappropriation of 5,000,000,000.00 roubles (equal to approximately €55,000,000.00), paid as an advance for the construction of a motorway section – allegedly not completed – by the State to the company he directed, as well as the failure to pay the salaries of his employees. According to the reconstruction of the Russian Authorities, once he had appropriated that sum, he fled abroad without completing the works, abandoning the company and his employees.
At the hearing pursuant to Article 717(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Trieste Court of Appeal confirmed the custodial detention in prison of the extraditee and, by a separate order, rejected the application filed by the defence counsel for the revocation – or, in the alternative, replacement with a non-custodial measure – of the custodial measure.
At the basis of their request for revocation, the defence counsels placed the statutory provision set forth in Article 714(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure which – as is known – prevents the application of any coercive precautionary measure where there are reasons to believe that the conditions for a judgment favourable to extradition do not exist. Already at the precautionary stage, indeed, there were various reasons, extensively documented by the defence, for reasonably hypothesising a negative prognosis as to the surrender of the arrested person to the Russian Federation; not only extensive national and international case law, but also the ongoing conflict with Ukraine – and the consequent instability – as well as the endemic violation of human rights through practices of torture and degrading treatment inside Russian prisons. All of these are conditions precluding the granting of so-called passive extradition pursuant to Articles 698 and 705 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and were known even before the commencement of the extradition proceeding following the Russian Federation’s request, which formally arrived after few weeks.
The Court of Appeal, on the other hand, through the order subsequently challenged before the Court of Cassation, reserved any assessment regarding the existence of the conditions for granting extradition to the subsequent and distinct procedural phase; indeed, it held that elements such as the condition of Russian prisons and the actual existence of a real danger to the extraditee’s safety, as well as the serious geopolitical situation in progress and the ensuing critical issues at the international level, still had to be thoroughly examined in relation to the specific features of the concrete case. It therefore deferred any further examination to the extradition phase.
The defence, therefore, filed an appeal before the Court of Cassation, alleging violation of Article 714(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure and reasserting the same arguments already put forward in support of the request to revoke the custodial measure, insisting that there were numerous elements precluding a favourable prognosis and that, already at the precautionary stage, those circumstances should inevitably have led to the revocation of every measure in place, since the merit phase could not be awaited. In other words, according to the defence, the Court of Appeal should have assessed immediately those objective, concrete and decisive elements capable of excluding the conditions for a judgment favourable to extradition and, consequently, of entailing the revocation of the precautionary measure.
2. The quaestio iuris
The judgment under examination is notable for the clear affirmation of the rigour with which judicial review must necessarily permeate, already from the precautionary stage, passive extradition proceedings as well. Whereas in the courtrooms of the Courts of Appeal one sometimes hears expressions such as “we will deal with it later, when we enter into the merits”, the Court of Cassation reiterates that, for the purposes of applying a coercive measure, it is necessary to carry out a prognostic assessment of the outcome of the proceedings, anticipating assessments and findings proper to the decision-making phase. Only in this way, indeed, no is room left for unjust and unjustifiable sacrifices of the extraditee’s liberty.
It is undeniable, indeed, that the statutory framework governing extradition proceedings is heavily conditioned by the political implications inevitably connected with the decision concerning the surrender of a person to another State. However – and the annotated judgment is further confirmation of this – the broad margins of technical discretion that must necessarily be granted in proceedings of this kind cannot exclude the application of the principle of a fair trial and the implementation of judicial guarantees in the procedures.
This is certainly not a “revolutionary” statement, since it would be obvious at least from the time Article 111 of the Constitution came into force; yet, one must note the absence of previous statements of equal clarity or of similar tenor on this point[1].
From this perspective, it should immediately be noted that it is already the literal wording of the rules governing the matter which, without leaving any room for discretion, outlines extradition proceedings not as a purely political question (as was the case, by contrast, before the unification of Italy) but as a fully-fledged judicial proceeding.
The 1988 Code of Criminal Procedure in fact redesigned, with a guarantee-oriented approach, the rules on precautionary measures in the context of extradition proceedings; the intent is stated in the Report to the Preliminary Draft of the Code of Criminal Procedure, where one reads that “the basic criteria by which the Draft was inspired consist, on the one hand, in abandoning the idea that custody in prison of the extraditee is an indispensable element of extradition proceedings and, on the other, in the fact that there is no reason why the extraditee, with regard to coercive measures, should not be afforded the same treatment as the accused before an Italian judge”[2].
The aforementioned report further states that “It has also been established that coercive measures and seizure may never be adopted where there are reasons to believe that the conditions necessary for a decision favourable to extradition do not exist”. A principle now enshrined, in an apparently unequivocal manner, in paragraph 3 of Article 714 of the Code of Criminal Procedure: this is one of the pillars of the system adopted by the Italian legislature in order to achieve the stated objective. This means that, in order to decide whether to apply a coercive measure in the context of extradition proceedings, the Italian judge is called upon to make a prognostic assessment of the outcome thereof and to account for it in the reasoning, setting out the positive and negative requirements that led to the restriction of liberty.
In other terms, as has already been noted by others, Article 714(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure indirectly prefigures a verification of the substance of the accusation brought against the extraditee[3] which must be carried out already at the precautionary stage, failing which there would be an unacceptable de facto disapplication of the provision in question.
The reasoning developed by the Court of Cassation in the judgment annotated here is considered very interesting on this point. It reads, in fact, that “the provision of Article 714(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure ultimately represents an inescapable bulwark protecting the person to be surrendered”, aimed at the clear purpose of limiting the risk of unjustified restrictions of his personal liberty “by introducing a negative ‘barrier’ capable of operating in all cases in which, already at the moment when it must decide whether to adopt the precautionary measure, the court of appeal identifies conditions – whether legal or factual – precluding a positive outcome of the extradition procedure”. What the Supreme Court states in clear terms is understood even more in light of the peculiarities of the system of coercive measures in the extradition context. The sole purpose of the restriction of liberty is the fulfilment of obligations by States; therefore, it must necessarily be limited, functionally as well as temporally, to the satisfaction of those obligations. In other terms, where already at the precautionary stage there were elements such as to make a favourable decision on the extradition request appear unlikely, it would not be possible to proceed with the adoption of a coercive measure, given that the need to secure the extraditee for the requesting country would no longer exist.
The required prognostic assessment would be, according to legal scholarship, similar to that provided for by Article 273(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with which it would share the same purpose, namely that of “preventing the person against whom proceedings are being brought from suffering a limitation of personal liberty when it appears that the proceedings will end with a judgment favourable to that same person”[4].
We could therefore say that the “conditions for a judgment favourable to extradition” are genuine conditions for the applicability of coercive measures; and this is so relevant as to be the only criterion whose absence may ground acceptance of a claim for compensation for unjust detention. In other terms, with regard to people subject to extradition requests, the elements of unjust detention must be assessed by verifying whether the absence of those specific conditions is found to have been established ex post. This latter principle, already affirmed in judgment no. 231 of 2004 of the Constitutional Court, was later taken up by the most authoritative panel of the Supreme Court, which, a few years later, held that “outside the indicated limit, there is no further room for bringing an action for reparation for unjust detention for extradition purposes”[5].
The rigour with which the judgment under comment appears to affirm that the assessment as to the existence of the conditions legitimising the application of a precautionary measure must be carried out has in the past been subject to some attenuations that cannot be endorsed. One must in fact take account of an – isolated – ruling[6] which, while appearing on a superficial reading to share the same principle, in reality appears to the writer to depart from it. In the 2024 ruling, in fact, the sufficiency of a “summary assessment carried out for the limited precautionary purpose” is affirmed for the ascertainment of “certain objective elements that do not require supplementary investigations, […] every evidentiary examination being reserved to the subsequent phase of the appraisal of the prerequisites for surrender”. Although the statement of principle appears to be the same, in truth it cannot but be noted that the content may be profoundly different: in one case, indeed, one reads that the risk of treatment contrary to human rights requires investigations and examinations “which will have to be carried out at the decision phase”[7]; in the other, in a more guarantee-oriented and constitutionally oriented sense, it is affirmed that the Court of Appeal is required to assess, at the precautionary stage, whether, on the basis of objective and reliable elements, there is a risk that the person to be surrendered will be subjected, in the requesting State, to inhuman or degrading treatment, taking into account, in the specific case at issue there, the requesting State’s expulsion from the Council of Europe, its withdrawal from the ECHR, as well as the increase, attested by reliable open sources, in cases of judicial persecution that occurred in that same country. All elements which, already at the stage of adopting a coercive measure, must be ascertained in order to avoid unjustified and unacceptable deprivations of personal liberty.
[1] A similar statement may be found in M. Pittiruti, Traditio all’estero e controlli in cassazione, in Processo penale e politica criminale, Turin, 2023, p. 4.
[2] Report on the Preliminary Draft of the Code of Criminal Procedure, p. 327.
[3] In these terms, see M. Pittiruti, cit., p. 129.
[4] In these terms, M. M. Riccarda states, L’estradizione: profili processuali e principio di specialità, Padua, 1990, p. 103, as cited in E. Dei-Cas, note to Cass. pen., Sec. IV, filed 12 May 2023, no. 20255, in Cass. pen., issue 2, 2024, p. 622.
[5] Joint Sections, 27/10/2011, no. 6624; principle subsequently reaffirmed more recently by Cass. pen., Sec. IV, 12/01/2023, no. 20255.
[6] Cass. pen., Sec. VI, 5/09/2024, no. 38605.
[7] Ibid.
