European Arrest Warrant (EAW): the provision refers the condition of “lawful” and “effective” residence only to a person who has resided continuously in Italy for at least five years, and not to an Italian citizen. It follows that the optional ground for refusal available in respect of an Italian citizen is not dependent on a positive factual assessment of the existence of his or her “integration” (ties) in the national territory, based on lawful and effective residence or domicile in Italy. This does not, however, exclude that the Court of Appeal—taking into account all the objective and subjective circumstances of the case before it—must assess, on a case-by-case basis, whether or not to invoke the ground for refusal linked to the possession of Italian citizenship by the requested person. In doing so, the Court must consider multiple factors, including: the seriousness of the offence and its sanctioning consequences; its relevance and concrete impact within the framework of inter-jurisdictional cooperation at the European level; the possible transnational nature of the conduct and the involvement of victims; the nature and strength of the person’s personal, family, professional or other ties supporting the request for execution of the sentence in Italy; as well as any other relevant circumstances capable of assessment.