Connected jurisdictions
Case Law
Extradition and double criminality: transit of drugs through the requesting State may satisfy importation offences
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Summary
For the purposes of extradition and the assessment of double criminality, drug trafficking offences may be considered “importation offences” even where the narcotics merely transit through the requesting State, provided that the Record of the Case supports a reasonable inference that the drugs entered, or were intended to enter, that jurisdiction in the context of the alleged conspiracy. Leave to appeal was further denied on the ground that the Record supported an inference that the requested person, as a member of the smuggling operation responsible for customs paperwork in the requested State, knew both the method and the route through the requesting State that the drugs would take.
05/05/2026 · Supreme Court of New Zealand · NZSC 46/2026
🇳🇿New Zealand → 🇺🇸United States
Procedural orderExtraditionExtradition to the United States and sentencing disparity: scope of judicial review of surrender decisions
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Summary
The High Court of New Zealand reviewed the lawfulness of a ministerial decision ordering surrender to the United States, focusing on whether all relevant factors had been properly considered. In particular, the Court examined the significance of the disparity between the potential sentence in the requesting State and the sentence likely applicable under domestic law. While reaffirming the limited scope of judicial review in extradition matters, the Court held that surrender decisions must adequately address proportionality concerns and may be set aside where relevant considerations — including sentencing consequences — have not been properly evaluated.
10/09/2025 · Wellington High Court · 2634/2025
🇳🇿New Zealand → 🇺🇸United States
Reversal and remandExtraditionExtradition and State succession: no binding effect without mutual consent to remain bound by prior treaties
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Summary
In matters of extradition to a foreign State, where a foreign State succeeds another State with which Italy had already concluded an extradition agreement or convention, no obligation of reciprocal judicial cooperation exists in the absence of an expression of mutual consent by Italy and the newly established State demonstrating their shared intention to remain bound by the previously signed convention. (In the case at hand, the Court held that a unilateral communication was insufficient—namely, New Zealand’s notification to Italy of its intention to rely on the 1873 agreement on “reciprocal extradition” concluded with Great Britain, pursuant to Article 44 of the Treaty of Peace with the Allied Powers—since no corresponding intention had been expressed by Italy).
08/07/2020 · Italian Supreme Court · 24994/2020
🇮🇹Italy → 🇳🇿New Zealand
Decision on precautionary measureExtraditionCountry Contributor
Neil Boister
University of Canterbury
Professor at University of Canterbury, Faculty of Law. His research interests lie at the intersection between the fields of criminal law and international law.
His initial specialisation was in international drug control law, the topic of his PhD, and he retains an interest in the international drug control system, but he has since written extensively on international tobacco smuggling, the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, and the law of extradition.
He is particularly interested in the developing field of transnational criminal law, as that part of international criminal law in a general sense which is concerned with the suppression of transnational crime by states, and has published extensively on this topic.
In addition, he has worked in international criminal law in a strict sense, particularly on the law and history of the International Tribunal for the Far East.
His initial specialisation was in international drug control law, the topic of his PhD, and he retains an interest in the international drug control system, but he has since written extensively on international tobacco smuggling, the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, and the law of extradition.
He is particularly interested in the developing field of transnational criminal law, as that part of international criminal law in a general sense which is concerned with the suppression of transnational crime by states, and has published extensively on this topic.
In addition, he has worked in international criminal law in a strict sense, particularly on the law and history of the International Tribunal for the Far East.
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